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Reflection and summary of China’s modern border management experience
Author: Zhang Xinjin
Source: Author authorized by Confucian Network, original published by “Chinese Civilization and Governance” Volume 1, 2020
Abstract :The rise and fall between the differences between the traditional border system is connected, and it will surely comfort or affect the internal affairs decision-making problems of the dynasty central bureau. Because there is an internally essential interaction between internal affairs and internal affairs, it must be thorough and comprehensive to make accurate and reliable analysis or judgment. The historical experience of traditional border management has been recovered in a single 平台, but it can still be studied and concluded in a formal manner. Among them, the form of governance by Emperor Hanwu, the form of governance by Ge Liang, the form of governance by Ge Liang in the Song Dynasty, and the form of governance by Qing Dynasty, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Ge Liang used virtue and prepared troops, which is the “powerful and virtue” type. Since the border area is also a common ethnic settlement, border management also concerns the problem of how to construct the order of the Chinese and Chinese order. There is also the need to understand or describe the original meaning of the “big unity” concept from the beginning. Seeing that the nature of the human heart is not only the body basis of the legitimate nature of political behavior, but also the metaphysical origin of the order of the Chinese and Chinese and Chinese are in line with the laws. As long as the “national heart” and “national benevolence” are achieved, we can establish a stable order of war for the benefit of human society for a long time.
Keywords: Border management; Chinese form; major system; Chinese order; national charity; national charity
As an integral part of the national management system, border management will always promote the group of people’s and friends. The country’s stable development has a serious meaning, especially in the “One Band One Road” initiative, border management is more directly related to the problem of how the “One Band One Road” can be implemented smoothly. Therefore, it is impossible to reflect carefully and summarize the experience of the rule of the dynasty, and review or discuss our border management tasks tomorrow from a broader time and space scope. Yanwu, a late Ming and early Qing dynasty, once called the historical level of Sima’s reign, and believed that he “had a nation’s power in his heart, which is beyond the reach of future generations of book students”; we have a better road conditions and understanding environment tomorrow, and of course it can exceed Sima’s power. When discussing the problem of national border management, we also have a national power with a wide range of scope. On the one hand, we must see that the dynasties have been constantly expanding outward and the surrounding areas of space activities are constantly expanding; on the other hand, we must also see that the internal system methods they govern or operate are not static, but are always developing towards the goal of fulfilling and perfection. Regardless of outward expansion or inward expansion, it is related to the current situation or the rise and fall of the country. As for the internal focus area and border area of the imperial system, or perhaps between the Han civilization area and the non-Han civilization area, there are always differences in economy, civilization, politics, etc., and there are governance methods or forms of governance.the differences. The process of state-run governance of border society is essentially the process of local ethnic groups participating in country construction. From the perspective of governing the country, of course, there is also a need to take history as a guide, learn a lot, expand the visual space of observation and thinking, carefully explore the traditional China’s border management forms, try to find out various gains and stakes experiences from it, and improve the current border management strategy with a reflection attitude, and realize the organic harmony, stability and rapid development of border management with the mainland.
1. The political system of “Bianjiang” and its interactions in prosperity and decline
The concept of “Bianjiang” is strictly recorded in the pre-Qin culture. The so-called “virtue softens China, punishment is to threaten the four barbarians” and “the emperor defends the four barbarians” all explain that the national order format with the emperor as the co-rule can be gradually moved from the middle to the outside. There must be a distinction between direct governance and inter-continuous governance or even more external areas, which form a different related system between internal and external clothes. And the more you extend your connotation, the more you become the place where the “different tribes” are, so it corresponds to the focus area of the political civilization of the Xia Dynasty, and then you have the concept of “Four Neighbors” or “Four Barbarians” that clearly have a local character. Therefore, how to truly “settle China and resist the four barbarians” in the national management level has become the most concerned political event in the future.
The concepts of “Four Barbarians” are the same as those of “Four Genealogies”. In the Tang Dynasty, Du You wrote a book called “Tongdian”, which first established a door of “prefectures and counties”, which emphasized that “the system of division of borders of the country began with the Five Emperors. The character and virtue are far and wide, and the four barbarians are transformed, that is, people are governed and do not seek their desires. This is a scattered place, and is it that the territory of the sealed area is broad!” After “prefectures and counties”, he immediately used the “front defense” door, which called “now the barbarians, there are nests in their residences, there are burials without seals, there are hand food, and there are sacrifices to establish corpses.” The content of the latter is actually the matter of “Four Barbarians” or “Four Genesis”. Despite the fact that the officials of the Four Library later criticized him, they believed that “there are many countries that are more than one thousand inside and outside, and some people who only convey their names are not in trouble and have no trouble in defense. The question is “side defense,” and the name is also wrong.” However, since he put the “Biangong” palace in “prefectures and counties”, he was important to highlight the “electros” or “chaobao” areas that were different from the national administrative system, and to use the “Four Barbarians” that existed in the pre-Qin period – Dongyi, Nanfa, Xirong, and Beidi – to list the items and chapters. The goal of Song Wei explained: “It was received in the community, About five or six months old, it is still about “coming to protect it and preparing it”, and expanding the vision to “a country that is highly integrated from thousands of inside and outside”. There is still a traditional “national” view in the darkness, thus surpassing the limitations of the word “side defense”. This can also see the modern concept of “side situation”, and all of which are “political and educational”As far as possible, it is a flexible and broad space that can be expanded and changed. There is no modern state ownership that must be clear about the planned border.
It was precisely because of this that later, Ma Duanfeng wrote the “Wenxi Tongkao”, which changed the “front defense” to “Four Destiny”. The Qing people explained the “Four Destiny” and believed that “the land is 70,000 miles away, and the south The north is like the middle ground, living in the middle of the land, and the four circumferences of the sea are the descendants of the sea, and the country within the sea is also the descendants of the people. The descendants are the words of the descendants.” If Ma’s “Wenhui Tongkao·Four Seeds” is the symbol of the times, it can be said that the concept of “Four Seeds” was developed from the concept of “Four Seeds” and the concept of “Four Seeds” was born from the concept of “Four Seeds” and the concept of “Four Seeds” was born from the concept of “Four Seeds”. They were all popular until after the Tang Dynasty. “The corresponding concept is “side land”, “side land” or “side land”. The classics of the world often say “forcing the four barbarians outside and ease the border”. It can be seen that if the “side land” is not the “four barbarians”, she hopes that she can accompany her and take care of her family. However, Chen Jubai is in the area of the sagittarius, at most it must be connected with it. Although Huaxia is still positioned as the core area, it has already regarded it as having a prosperous and declining relationship with the mainland. The organic whole of the relationship was similarly popular until after t
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